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Navigation—A General Overview

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the signals will degrade the accuracy or position may not available completely or

continuously.

• Radar finds the distance, position and height of the object by reflecting EM

waves. Basically radars used for military applications, air traffic control, space

applications and remote sensing etc.

• ILS is a landing system for aircrafts by measuring the distance and angle.

• Vision and LIDAR based systems play key role in navigation of autonomous

vehicles.

Navigation and migration methods used by birds, animals and insects are

described. Migration plays very significant role in the lifestyle of birds and animals.

They migrate for prey, food, breeding, mate, communication and signaling etc.

• Birds are using Compass systems for orientation. They are Sun compass, star

compass, magnetic compass, moon compass and weather compass.

• Various maps like olfactory, mosaic, cognitive, infrasound, gradient and geomag-

netic maps are used for navigation.

• Sense organs of birds and animals are involved for migration and navigation.

• Polarized light, echo location, meteorological features and sensing ultraviolet rays

are also used by different animals in different environments.

RoleofMEMStechnologiesinMicroArealvehiclesareconversed.Heavycompo-

nents are expected to replace with MEMS sensors, with low cost, small size and low

power consumption.

References

1. Wiltschko, R., Wiltschko, W. (2015). Avian navigation: a combination of innate and learned

mechanisms. Advances in the Study of Behavior, 47.

2. Borrows, G. L., Chahl, J. S., & Srinivasan, M. V. (2002). Biomimetic visual sensing and flight

control. In Proc. Bristol UAV Conf (pp. 159–168).

3. Chari. (2014). Bio-aerodynamics of Avian Flight. NDRF.

4. Noureldin, A., Karamat, T. B., & Georgy, J. (2013). Fundamentals of inertial navigation,

satellite-based positioning and their integration. Spinger.

5. Titterton, D., Weston, J. L., Weston, J. (2004). Strapdown inertial navigation technology. The

Institution of Engineering and Technology.

6. Grewal, M. S., Weill, L. R., & Andres, A. P. (2007). Global positioning systems, inertial

navigation, and integration (2nd ed.). Wiley Publications.

7. Kaplan, E. D., & Hegarty, C. J. (2006). Understanding GPS principles and applications (2nd

ed.). Artech House.

8. Richards, M. A. (2008). Fundamentals of radar signal processing. Tata McGraw-Hill

Education.

9. Chernetsov, N. (2016). Orientation and navigation of migrating birds. Biology Bulletin, 43(8),

788–803.

10. Holland, R. A. (2003). The role of visual landmarks in the avian familiar area map. The

Company of Biologists Ltd, 206(11), 1773–1778.